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Contoh Soal dan Kunci Jawaban Soal Literasi dalam Bahasa Inggris pada UTBK SNBT Tahun 2024

Calon Guru berbagi terkait contoh soal literasi dalam Bahasa Inggris pada UTBK SNBT tahun 2024. Tes Literasi dalam Bahasa Inggris pada Seleksi Nasional Penerimaan Mahasiswa Baru berfokus pada Literasi Membaca (Reading Literacy).

Adapun yang dimaksudkan dengan literasi membaca adalah kemampuan seseorang memahami, menggunakan, mengevaluasi, merenungkan, dan berinteraksi secara aktif dan berkelanjutan (engage) dengan teks dengan arah untuk mencapai tujuan, mengembangkan pengetahuan dan potensi, serta untuk berpartisipasi dalam masyarakat.

Pada UTBK-SNBT (Ujian Tulis Berbasis Komputer - Seleksi Nasional Berbasis Tes) soal literasi dalam Bahasa Inggris diujikan sebanyak $20$ soal dan waktu yang diberikan adalah $30$ menit. Sedangkan untuk soal simulasi UTBK-SNBT literasi dalam Bahasa Inggris di bawah ini ada sebanyak $10$ soal, yang disadur dari laman resmi kemdikbud.go.id.


Contoh Soal dan Kunci Jawaban Soal Literasi dalam Bahasa Inggris Pada UTBK SNBT Tahun 2024

Ayo dicoba terlebih dahulu, Sebelum melihat pembahasan soal.
Tunjukkan Kemampuan Terbaikmu!
Nama Peserta :
Tanggal Test :
Jumlah Soal :10 soal

1. Soal Latihan Tes Literasi UTBK-SNBT

Harley Bear
August 5, 2023
What are some of your great frugal hacks
that helped you a lot?
Breanna Shaw
August 17, 2023
Pack your lunch for school or work instead of
eating out. Make your coffee at home to
prevent stopping on the way somewhere to
buy some. Anytime something needs
repaired, watch a YouTube video first before
calling a technician. Sometimes it can be an
easy fix that you can do yourself to save
money. I have more tips, but I think I have
made this answer long enough.
Yaseer Said
September 3, 2023
Always ask yourself this question before
buying anything: "Do I need it? What if I
don’t buy this one, and save the money for
any other need?"
Kerry Baldwin
September 4, 2023
You know what is pathetic? Being poor when
you're old, and you will be old someday.
Learn to live within your means and put your
money back for retirement.
Caleb Beers
October 15, 2023
Most of the "frugal hacks" you hear will be
about ways to buy things cheaply. Those are
great, but I’ve found that much of frugality
comes down to self-control, i.e., not buying
stuff you don’t need. Also, self-control is a lot
harder than just looking for cheap stuff.
For example, I want the latest smart phone,
but my phone is still working very well.
So, I don’t buy a new one.
Daniel Tay
October 25, 2023
Frugality means different things to different
people. To me, it means not wasting
something that can be reused or
repurposed. I’ve taken this to a level that
some people may consider extreme:
I don’t buy anything.
(Adapted from https://www.quora.com)

The word "frugality: in Daniel Tay's post is closest in meaning to...





Alternatif Pembahasan:

From the available choices and explanations from the existing reading, Who explicitly suggests to live frugally by not purchasing any stuff is Daniel Tay. The sentence "I don’t buy anything" is similar in meaning to "not purchasing any stuff."

$\therefore$ Pilihan yang sesuai adalah $(E)$ Daniel Tay

2. Soal Latihan Tes Literasi UTBK-SNBT

Harley Bear
August 5, 2023
What are some of your great frugal hacks
that helped you a lot?
Breanna Shaw
August 17, 2023
Pack your lunch for school or work instead of
eating out. Make your coffee at home to
prevent stopping on the way somewhere to
buy some. Anytime something needs
repaired, watch a YouTube video first before
calling a technician. Sometimes it can be an
easy fix that you can do yourself to save
money. I have more tips, but I think I have
made this answer long enough.
Yaseer Said
September 3, 2023
Always ask yourself this question before
buying anything: "Do I need it? What if I
don’t buy this one, and save the money for
any other need?"
Kerry Baldwin
September 4, 2023
You know what is pathetic? Being poor when
you're old, and you will be old someday.
Learn to live within your means and put your
money back for retirement.
Caleb Beers
October 15, 2023
Most of the "frugal hacks" you hear will be
about ways to buy things cheaply. Those are
great, but I’ve found that much of frugality
comes down to self-control, i.e., not buying
stuff you don’t need. Also, self-control is a lot
harder than just looking for cheap stuff.
For example, I want the latest smart phone,
but my phone is still working very well.
So, I don’t buy a new one.
Daniel Tay
October 25, 2023
Frugality means different things to different
people. To me, it means not wasting
something that can be reused or
repurposed. I’ve taken this to a level that
some people may consider extreme:
I don’t buy anything.
(Adapted from https://www.quora.com)

The word "frugality" in Daniel Tay’s post is closest in meaning to...





Alternatif Pembahasan:

From the available choices and explanations from the existing reading, The word "frugality" in Daniel Tay’s post is closest in meaning to Thriftiness. Thriftiness means being careful with money or resources, which is closest in meaning to frugality. Other options do not capture the meaning expressed by the word "frugality."

$\therefore$ Pilihan yang sesuai adalah $(C)$ Thriftiness

3. Soal Latihan Tes Literasi UTBK-SNBT

Harley Bear
August 5, 2023
What are some of your great frugal hacks
that helped you a lot?
Breanna Shaw
August 17, 2023
Pack your lunch for school or work instead of
eating out. Make your coffee at home to
prevent stopping on the way somewhere to
buy some. Anytime something needs
repaired, watch a YouTube video first before
calling a technician. Sometimes it can be an
easy fix that you can do yourself to save
money. I have more tips, but I think I have
made this answer long enough.
Yaseer Said
September 3, 2023
Always ask yourself this question before
buying anything: "Do I need it? What if I
don’t buy this one, and save the money for
any other need?"
Kerry Baldwin
September 4, 2023
You know what is pathetic? Being poor when
you're old, and you will be old someday.
Learn to live within your means and put your
money back for retirement.
Caleb Beers
October 15, 2023
Most of the "frugal hacks" you hear will be
about ways to buy things cheaply. Those are
great, but I’ve found that much of frugality
comes down to self-control, i.e., not buying
stuff you don’t need. Also, self-control is a lot
harder than just looking for cheap stuff.
For example, I want the latest smart phone,
but my phone is still working very well.
So, I don’t buy a new one.
Daniel Tay
October 25, 2023
Frugality means different things to different
people. To me, it means not wasting
something that can be reused or
repurposed. I’ve taken this to a level that
some people may consider extreme:
I don’t buy anything.
(Adapted from https://www.quora.com)

Who posted the least relevant answer to Harley Bear’s question?...





Alternatif Pembahasan:

From the available choices and explanations from the existing reading, Who posted the least relevant answer to Harley Bear’s question? Kerry Baldwin. Kerry Baldwin’s explanation about being old and poor is less relevant to Harley Bear’s question about frugal hacks. Other options give direct answers to Harley’s question.

$\therefore$ Pilihan yang sesuai adalah $(C)$ Kerry Baldwin

4. Soal Latihan Tes Literasi UTBK-SNBT

Harley Bear
August 5, 2023
What are some of your great frugal hacks
that helped you a lot?
Breanna Shaw
August 17, 2023
Pack your lunch for school or work instead of
eating out. Make your coffee at home to
prevent stopping on the way somewhere to
buy some. Anytime something needs
repaired, watch a YouTube video first before
calling a technician. Sometimes it can be an
easy fix that you can do yourself to save
money. I have more tips, but I think I have
made this answer long enough.
Yaseer Said
September 3, 2023
Always ask yourself this question before
buying anything: "Do I need it? What if I
don’t buy this one, and save the money for
any other need?"
Kerry Baldwin
September 4, 2023
You know what is pathetic? Being poor when
you're old, and you will be old someday.
Learn to live within your means and put your
money back for retirement.
Caleb Beers
October 15, 2023
Most of the "frugal hacks" you hear will be
about ways to buy things cheaply. Those are
great, but I’ve found that much of frugality
comes down to self-control, i.e., not buying
stuff you don’t need. Also, self-control is a lot
harder than just looking for cheap stuff.
For example, I want the latest smart phone,
but my phone is still working very well.
So, I don’t buy a new one.
Daniel Tay
October 25, 2023
Frugality means different things to different
people. To me, it means not wasting
something that can be reused or
repurposed. I’ve taken this to a level that
some people may consider extreme:
I don’t buy anything.
(Adapted from https://www.quora.com)

Who posted the least relevant answer to Harley Bear’s question?...





Alternatif Pembahasan:

From the available choices and explanations from the existing reading, Who disapproved that being frugal is being cheap by giving evidence? Caleb Beers. The evidence can be seen in the last two sentences of Caleb's post.

$\therefore$ Pilihan yang sesuai adalah $(D)$ Caleb Beers

5. Soal Latihan Tes Literasi UTBK-SNBT

Harley Bear
August 5, 2023
What are some of your great frugal hacks
that helped you a lot?
Breanna Shaw
August 17, 2023
Pack your lunch for school or work instead of
eating out. Make your coffee at home to
prevent stopping on the way somewhere to
buy some. Anytime something needs
repaired, watch a YouTube video first before
calling a technician. Sometimes it can be an
easy fix that you can do yourself to save
money. I have more tips, but I think I have
made this answer long enough.
Yaseer Said
September 3, 2023
Always ask yourself this question before
buying anything: "Do I need it? What if I
don’t buy this one, and save the money for
any other need?"
Kerry Baldwin
September 4, 2023
You know what is pathetic? Being poor when
you're old, and you will be old someday.
Learn to live within your means and put your
money back for retirement.
Caleb Beers
October 15, 2023
Most of the "frugal hacks" you hear will be
about ways to buy things cheaply. Those are
great, but I’ve found that much of frugality
comes down to self-control, i.e., not buying
stuff you don’t need. Also, self-control is a lot
harder than just looking for cheap stuff.
For example, I want the latest smart phone,
but my phone is still working very well.
So, I don’t buy a new one.
Daniel Tay
October 25, 2023
Frugality means different things to different
people. To me, it means not wasting
something that can be reused or
repurposed. I’ve taken this to a level that
some people may consider extreme:
I don’t buy anything.
(Adapted from https://www.quora.com)

What is the tone of the thread regarding useful frugal hacks?...





Alternatif Pembahasan:

From the available choices and explanations from the existing reading, What is the tone of the thread regarding useful frugal hacks? Supportive. All participants involved in the thread are in favour of being frugal. Other answers are irrelevant or in contradiction.

$\therefore$ Pilihan yang sesuai adalah $(A)$ Supportive

6. Soal Latihan Tes Literasi UTBK-SNBT

TEXT 1
An actor creates and performs a character by using cognitive empathy or Theory of Mind (ToM). It is the ability to represent others’ mental states. ToM plays a critical role in understanding and navigating social situations. Reflection into the character's mental life depends on the actor’s approach to character performance. This may be an important part of the character-creation process. This process involves the exploration of the history, motivations, beliefs, and values of the character. This exploration often goes well beyond the information contained within the script. In other words, for many actors, creating a character involves a complex application of ToM, which includes several brain regions such as the temporoparietal junction and posterior cingulate/precuneus.

The temporoparietal junction works in processing and judgments of self and others. According to some studies, overcoming self–other interference and ToM is a deeply integrated process. Findings show that simulating others has been shown to influence self-knowledge. In this simulation, trait and memory measures become similar to a simulated other after adopting their perspective. Some brain regions are deactivated when trained actors use the first-person fictional perspective of a character to answer questions. This is in contrast to a situation when actors answered questions from their own perspective. It suggests that acting may involve the suppression of self-processing.
(Adapted from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)

TEXT 2
According to a recent study, when actors take on a new character, they may be able to suppress their everyday self. This implies that theatre training may have a big impact on the fundamental mechanisms of the human brain. Researchers in this study worked in collaboration with Flute Theatre. They created and delivered interactive productions of Shakespeare for autistic individuals and their families. They used a series of sensory drama games, known as the Hunter Heartbeat Method.

The team used wearable brain imaging technologies and physiological measurement devices. They were first introduced at UCL's Department of Biomedical Engineering. Both devices were used to evaluate the brain activity of actors as they rehearsed scenes from Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream.

The findings showed that when the actors heard their own name during the performance, their response was suppressed in the left anterior prefrontal cortex of the brain. This is usually associated with self-awareness. The same result was witnessed consistently in six actors who were tested when rehearsing several times over a week. Meanwhile, when the performers were not in acting conditions, they responded normally to hearing their own name.

According to the lead researcher, this is the first time that neuroscientists have been able to record brain activity in actors as they perform a role. We hope that this study will help us understand what theatre training does to the brain and to build new connections between neuroscientists and theatre professionals.
(Adapted from https://www.sciencedaily.com)

According to Text 1, cognitive empathy or ToM...





Alternatif Pembahasan:

From the available choices and explanations from the existing reading, According to Text 1, cognitive empathy or ToM... is an important skill for actors to supress themselves to create a new character. "An important skill" refers to "the ability" mentioned in Text 1 Paragraph 1 Sentence 2.

$\therefore$ Pilihan yang sesuai $(A)$ Is an important skill for actors to supress themselves to create a new character.

7. Soal Latihan Tes Literasi UTBK-SNBT

TEXT 1
An actor creates and performs a character by using cognitive empathy or Theory of Mind (ToM). It is the ability to represent others’ mental states. ToM plays a critical role in understanding and navigating social situations. Reflection into the character's mental life depends on the actor’s approach to character performance. This may be an important part of the character-creation process. This process involves the exploration of the history, motivations, beliefs, and values of the character. This exploration often goes well beyond the information contained within the script. In other words, for many actors, creating a character involves a complex application of ToM, which includes several brain regions such as the temporoparietal junction and posterior cingulate/precuneus.

The temporoparietal junction works in processing and judgments of self and others. According to some studies, overcoming self–other interference and ToM is a deeply integrated process. Findings show that simulating others has been shown to influence self-knowledge. In this simulation, trait and memory measures become similar to a simulated other after adopting their perspective. Some brain regions are deactivated when trained actors use the first-person fictional perspective of a character to answer questions. This is in contrast to a situation when actors answered questions from their own perspective. It suggests that acting may involve the suppression of self-processing.
(Adapted from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)

TEXT 2
According to a recent study, when actors take on a new character, they may be able to suppress their everyday self. This implies that theatre training may have a big impact on the fundamental mechanisms of the human brain. Researchers in this study worked in collaboration with Flute Theatre. They created and delivered interactive productions of Shakespeare for autistic individuals and their families. They used a series of sensory drama games, known as the Hunter Heartbeat Method.

The team used wearable brain imaging technologies and physiological measurement devices. They were first introduced at UCL's Department of Biomedical Engineering. Both devices were used to evaluate the brain activity of actors as they rehearsed scenes from Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream.

The findings showed that when the actors heard their own name during the performance, their response was suppressed in the left anterior prefrontal cortex of the brain. This is usually associated with self-awareness. The same result was witnessed consistently in six actors who were tested when rehearsing several times over a week. Meanwhile, when the performers were not in acting conditions, they responded normally to hearing their own name.

According to the lead researcher, this is the first time that neuroscientists have been able to record brain activity in actors as they perform a role. We hope that this study will help us understand what theatre training does to the brain and to build new connections between neuroscientists and theatre professionals.
(Adapted from https://www.sciencedaily.com)

The italicized word "They" in Text 2 Paragraph 1 refers to...





Alternatif Pembahasan:

From the available choices and explanations from the existing reading, The italicized word "They" in Text 2 Paragraph 1 refers to... researchers. The word "They" refers to reseachers stated in the previous sentence. Other options are incorrect.

$\therefore$ Pilihan yang sesuai $(C)$ Researchers

8. Soal Latihan Tes Literasi UTBK-SNBT

TEXT 1
An actor creates and performs a character by using cognitive empathy or Theory of Mind (ToM). It is the ability to represent others’ mental states. ToM plays a critical role in understanding and navigating social situations. Reflection into the character's mental life depends on the actor’s approach to character performance. This may be an important part of the character-creation process. This process involves the exploration of the history, motivations, beliefs, and values of the character. This exploration often goes well beyond the information contained within the script. In other words, for many actors, creating a character involves a complex application of ToM, which includes several brain regions such as the temporoparietal junction and posterior cingulate/precuneus.

The temporoparietal junction works in processing and judgments of self and others. According to some studies, overcoming self–other interference and ToM is a deeply integrated process. Findings show that simulating others has been shown to influence self-knowledge. In this simulation, trait and memory measures become similar to a simulated other after adopting their perspective. Some brain regions are deactivated when trained actors use the first-person fictional perspective of a character to answer questions. This is in contrast to a situation when actors answered questions from their own perspective. It suggests that acting may involve the suppression of self-processing.
(Adapted from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)

TEXT 2
According to a recent study, when actors take on a new character, they may be able to suppress their everyday self. This implies that theatre training may have a big impact on the fundamental mechanisms of the human brain. Researchers in this study worked in collaboration with Flute Theatre. They created and delivered interactive productions of Shakespeare for autistic individuals and their families. They used a series of sensory drama games, known as the Hunter Heartbeat Method.

The team used wearable brain imaging technologies and physiological measurement devices. They were first introduced at UCL's Department of Biomedical Engineering. Both devices were used to evaluate the brain activity of actors as they rehearsed scenes from Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream.

The findings showed that when the actors heard their own name during the performance, their response was suppressed in the left anterior prefrontal cortex of the brain. This is usually associated with self-awareness. The same result was witnessed consistently in six actors who were tested when rehearsing several times over a week. Meanwhile, when the performers were not in acting conditions, they responded normally to hearing their own name.

According to the lead researcher, this is the first time that neuroscientists have been able to record brain activity in actors as they perform a role. We hope that this study will help us understand what theatre training does to the brain and to build new connections between neuroscientists and theatre professionals.
(Adapted from https://www.sciencedaily.com)

Which of the following sentences from Text 2 is an opinion?





Alternatif Pembahasan:

From the available choices and explanations from the existing reading, Which of the following sentences from Text 2 is an opinion?... we hope that this study will help us understand what theatre training does to the brain and to build new connections between neuroscientists and theatre professionals.. Option E contains the word "hope" that implies an expectation that has not been fulfilled, while other options are related to the data based on the studies reported in the text.

$\therefore$ Pilihan yang sesuai $(E)$ We hope that this study will help us understand what theatre training does to the brain and to build new connections between neuroscientists and theatre professionals.

9. Soal Latihan Tes Literasi UTBK-SNBT

TEXT 1
An actor creates and performs a character by using cognitive empathy or Theory of Mind (ToM). It is the ability to represent others’ mental states. ToM plays a critical role in understanding and navigating social situations. Reflection into the character's mental life depends on the actor’s approach to character performance. This may be an important part of the character-creation process. This process involves the exploration of the history, motivations, beliefs, and values of the character. This exploration often goes well beyond the information contained within the script. In other words, for many actors, creating a character involves a complex application of ToM, which includes several brain regions such as the temporoparietal junction and posterior cingulate/precuneus.

The temporoparietal junction works in processing and judgments of self and others. According to some studies, overcoming self–other interference and ToM is a deeply integrated process. Findings show that simulating others has been shown to influence self-knowledge. In this simulation, trait and memory measures become similar to a simulated other after adopting their perspective. Some brain regions are deactivated when trained actors use the first-person fictional perspective of a character to answer questions. This is in contrast to a situation when actors answered questions from their own perspective. It suggests that acting may involve the suppression of self-processing.
(Adapted from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)

TEXT 2
According to a recent study, when actors take on a new character, they may be able to suppress their everyday self. This implies that theatre training may have a big impact on the fundamental mechanisms of the human brain. Researchers in this study worked in collaboration with Flute Theatre. They created and delivered interactive productions of Shakespeare for autistic individuals and their families. They used a series of sensory drama games, known as the Hunter Heartbeat Method.

The team used wearable brain imaging technologies and physiological measurement devices. They were first introduced at UCL's Department of Biomedical Engineering. Both devices were used to evaluate the brain activity of actors as they rehearsed scenes from Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream.

The findings showed that when the actors heard their own name during the performance, their response was suppressed in the left anterior prefrontal cortex of the brain. This is usually associated with self-awareness. The same result was witnessed consistently in six actors who were tested when rehearsing several times over a week. Meanwhile, when the performers were not in acting conditions, they responded normally to hearing their own name.

According to the lead researcher, this is the first time that neuroscientists have been able to record brain activity in actors as they perform a role. We hope that this study will help us understand what theatre training does to the brain and to build new connections between neuroscientists and theatre professionals.
(Adapted from https://www.sciencedaily.com)

The results of the evaluation of actors’ brain activity when performing a character can be found in...





Alternatif Pembahasan:

From the available choices and explanations from the existing reading, The results of the evaluation of actors’ brain activity when performing a character can be found in... Text 1 Paragraph 2 and Text 2 Paragraph 3. The key words that indicate the research results can be found in Text 1 Sentence 5 (i.e., brain regions) and Text 2 Sentence 1 (i.e., their response was suppressed in the left anterior prefrontal cortex of the brain).

$\therefore$ Pilihan yang sesuai $(B)$ Text 1 Paragraph 2 and Text 2 Paragraph 3

10. Soal Latihan Tes Literasi UTBK-SNBT

TEXT 1
An actor creates and performs a character by using cognitive empathy or Theory of Mind (ToM). It is the ability to represent others’ mental states. ToM plays a critical role in understanding and navigating social situations. Reflection into the character's mental life depends on the actor’s approach to character performance. This may be an important part of the character-creation process. This process involves the exploration of the history, motivations, beliefs, and values of the character. This exploration often goes well beyond the information contained within the script. In other words, for many actors, creating a character involves a complex application of ToM, which includes several brain regions such as the temporoparietal junction and posterior cingulate/precuneus.

The temporoparietal junction works in processing and judgments of self and others. According to some studies, overcoming self–other interference and ToM is a deeply integrated process. Findings show that simulating others has been shown to influence self-knowledge. In this simulation, trait and memory measures become similar to a simulated other after adopting their perspective. Some brain regions are deactivated when trained actors use the first-person fictional perspective of a character to answer questions. This is in contrast to a situation when actors answered questions from their own perspective. It suggests that acting may involve the suppression of self-processing.
(Adapted from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)

TEXT 2
According to a recent study, when actors take on a new character, they may be able to suppress their everyday self. This implies that theatre training may have a big impact on the fundamental mechanisms of the human brain. Researchers in this study worked in collaboration with Flute Theatre. They created and delivered interactive productions of Shakespeare for autistic individuals and their families. They used a series of sensory drama games, known as the Hunter Heartbeat Method.

The team used wearable brain imaging technologies and physiological measurement devices. They were first introduced at UCL's Department of Biomedical Engineering. Both devices were used to evaluate the brain activity of actors as they rehearsed scenes from Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream.

The findings showed that when the actors heard their own name during the performance, their response was suppressed in the left anterior prefrontal cortex of the brain. This is usually associated with self-awareness. The same result was witnessed consistently in six actors who were tested when rehearsing several times over a week. Meanwhile, when the performers were not in acting conditions, they responded normally to hearing their own name.

According to the lead researcher, this is the first time that neuroscientists have been able to record brain activity in actors as they perform a role. We hope that this study will help us understand what theatre training does to the brain and to build new connections between neuroscientists and theatre professionals.
(Adapted from https://www.sciencedaily.com)

The results of the evaluation of actors’ brain activity when performing a character can be found in...





Alternatif Pembahasan:

From the available choices and explanations from the existing reading, The results of the evaluation of actors’ brain activity when performing a character can be found in... Text 1 Paragraph 2 and Text 2 Paragraph 3. The substances expressed in option D correctly relate ideas in the two texts. Text 2 contains more explanation about the brain mechanisms. Substances in other options are fully or partially incorrect.

$\therefore$ Pilihan yang sesuai adalah $(D)$ Text 1 explains that in the character-creation process, an actor suppresses their self-processing, and Text 2 further elaborates the brain mechanisms.


Catatan Contoh Soal dan Kunci Jawaban Soal Literasi dalam Bahasa Inggris pada UTBK SNBT Tahun 2024 di atas sifatnya "dokumen hidup" yang senantiasa diperbaiki atau diperbaharui sesuai dengan dinamika kebutuhan dan perubahan zaman. Catatan tambahan dari Anda yang dialamatkan kepada admin diharapkan dapat meningkatkan kualitas catatan ini 🙏 CMIIW.

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